ʻO ke kumu kukui o LED

ʻO nā mea a pauke kukui hana hou, kukui hoomoana lawe limaakukui poʻo nuie hoʻohana i ke ʻano o ke kukui LED. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o ke alakaʻi diode, e hoʻomaopopo mua i ka ʻike kumu o nā semiconductors. Aia nā waiwai conductive o nā mea semiconductor ma waena o nā conductors a me nā insulators. ʻO kāna mau hiʻohiʻona kūikawā: i ka wā e hoʻoulu ʻia ai ka semiconductor e ka mālamalama o waho a me nā kūlana wela, e loli nui kona mana conductive; ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea haumia liʻiliʻi i kahi semiconductor maʻemaʻe e hoʻonui nui i kona hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila. ʻO Silicon (Si) a me germanium (Ge) nā semiconductors i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka uila uila hou, a ʻo kā lākou mau electrons waho ʻehā. Ke hana ʻia nā ʻātoma silikona a i ʻole germanium i ke aniani, pili nā ʻātoma kokoke i kekahi i kekahi, i hui pū ʻia nā electrons o waho e nā ʻātoma ʻelua, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ke ʻano covalent bond i loko o ke aniani, ʻo ia ke ʻano molekala me ka hiki ke kāohi iki. Ma ka lumi wela (300K), e loaʻa i kekahi mau electrons waho ka ikehu e hemo ai mai ka paʻa covalent a lilo i electrons manuahi, ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana intrinsic excitation. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka electron i lilo i electron manuahi, waiho ʻia kahi hakahaka i loko o ka pilina covalent. Kapa ʻia kēia hakahaka he puka. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi lua kahi hiʻohiʻona nui e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi semiconductor mai kahi conductor.

Ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka haumia pentavalent e like me ka phosphorus i ka semiconductor intrinsic, e loaʻa iā ia kahi electron keu ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kahi paʻa covalent me nā ʻātoma semiconductor ʻē aʻe. Pono kēia electron keu i ka ikehu liʻiliʻi loa e hoʻopau i ka mea paʻa a lilo i electron manuahi. ʻO kēia ʻano semiconductor haumia i kapa ʻia ka semiconductor uila (N-type semiconductor). Eia naʻe, e hoʻohui i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka trivalent elemental haumia (e like me boron, etc.) i ka intrinsic semiconductor, no ka mea, ʻekolu wale nō nā electrons i ka papa waho, ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi paʻa covalent me nā ʻātoma semiconductor a puni, e hana ia i kahi hakahaka. i ke aniani. ʻO kēia ʻano semiconductor haumia i kapa ʻia ʻo hole semiconductor (P-type semiconductor). Ke hui pū ʻia nā semiconductor N-type a me P-type, aia ka ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o nā electrons manuahi a me nā lua ma ko lākou hui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā electron a me nā lua i ka ʻike haʻahaʻa, e waiho ana ma hope o nā iona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i ka neutrality uila mua o nā ʻano N-type a me P-type. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lewa, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou ma kahi kokoke i ke kikowaena o nā ʻāpana N a me P no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi loa o ka uku lewa, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hui PN.

Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka volta hoʻohālikelike mua i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hui PN (ka uila maikaʻi i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke ʻano-P), neʻe nā lua a me nā electrons manuahi a puni kekahi i kekahi, e hana ana i kahi kahua uila kūloko. A laila hui hou nā puka hou me nā electrons manuahi, i kekahi manawa e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu keu ma ke ʻano o nā photons, ʻo ia ka mālamalama a mākou e ʻike nei e hoʻopuka ʻia e nā led. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ia ʻano kikoʻī, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia mea i kahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa nā nalu o nā photons i hoʻopuka ʻia, no laila e hoʻoholo ʻia nā kala o nā led e nā mea kumu i hoʻohana ʻia.